| Parts or Products of the Tree |
| Cambium |
Layer of actively dividing cells between bark and wood |
| Cavity |
Hole in a tree resulting in decay |
| Crown |
The part of the tree which is composed of the branches and foliage |
| Heartwood |
Central core of mature and hardened timber |
| Sapwood |
softer and most recently formed wood between bark and heartwood |
| Slime-flux |
Liquid, sometimes foul smelling, issuing from a stem or branch as a result of infection or injury |
| |
|
| Tree Forms |
| Etiolated |
A tree showing much upper crown development. A straight trunk with few lower branches. Resulting from tree having to reach upward for maximum light |
| Epicormic Shooting |
Growth that forms from dormant or adventitious buds on the stem and main branches |
| Twin leader |
A specimen that forks into two main upright stems, from above 1.3m of ground level |
| Suppressed |
A specimen that is unable to reach optimum size and form due to domination from larger specimens |
| Sucker Growth |
shoots that originate from the root system or root stock. Usually found at the base of the trunk |
| |
|
| Operations/Tree Surgery |
| Crown Cleaning |
The removal of dead, dying or diseased wood, stumps of broken branches, unwanted epicormic shoots, climbing plants eg. Ivy, and rubbish accumulated in branch forks. Wires, clamps, boards and other debris can also be removed as part of this operation, without inflicting undue damage to the tree. |
| Dead wooding |
Refers to the removal of dead wood only. |
| Coppice |
Cutting back of selected tree species almost ground level, on a regular cycle normally between 10 to 30 years in length. |
| Formative pruning |
Pruning a young tree to aim to produce a tree which in maturity will be free form major physical weakness, ie. removal of competing leaders, crossing branches and weak branches. |
| Crown Reduction |
Reducing overall crown area by a given amount from the tips of branches to produce a smaller crown, but retaining natural species shape. |
| Crown Reshaping |
Recommended as being a 'once only' operation to make a tree safe or bring it to a desirable condition or shaper, over the whole area or part. |
| Crown Lifting |
Involved removal of lower branches to a desired height about ground level, either by removing whole branches or by the removal of those parts which extend below the desired clear heights. |
| Crown Thinning |
Involves removal of a proportion, agreed by a percentage, of total leaf area removed, of secondary and small live growth. Generally carried out throughout entire crown area to give even appearance. |
| Pollard |
Involved the removal of all limbs back to the main trunk. |
